[Cost-Fffectiveness of Two Antiviral Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B in Peru: Entecavir and Tenofovir]. / Costo-efectividad de dos terapias antivirales para Hepatitis B crónica en el Perú: Entecavir y tenofovir.

OBJETIVES: To compare in terms of cost-effectiveness to entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDF) in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in public hospitals in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We structured a Markov model. We define effectiveness adjusted life years for quality (QALY). We include the direct costs of treatment in soles from the perspective of the Ministry of Health of Peru. We estimate the relationship between cost and effectiveness ratios (ICER). We performed sensitivity analyzes considering a range of willingness to pay (WTP) from one to three times the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and a tornado analysis regarding Monetary Net Profit (BMN) or ICER. RESULTS: Treatment with TDF is more effective and less expensive than ETV. The ETV had a cost per QALY of PEN 4482, and PEN 1526 TDF. The PTO maintains a progressively larger with increasing WTP BMN. The discount rate was the only variable with a significant effect on model uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Treatment with TDF is more cost-effective than ETV in public hospitals in Peru.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar en términos de costo-efectividad a entecavir (ETV) y tenofovir (TDF) en el tratamiento del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) en hospitales públicos del Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estructuramos un modelo de Markov, definimos la efectividad en años de vida ajustados a calidad (AVAC). Incluimos los costos directos del tratamiento en soles desde la perspectiva del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Calculamos la relación entre costo y efectividad incrementales (ICER). Realizamos análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico, considerando un rango de disponibilidad de pago (WTP) desde uno hasta tres veces el producto bruto interno (PBI) per-cápita, y el beneficio monetario neto (BMN) o ICER en el caso del análisis de tornado. RESULTADOS: El tratamiento con TDF es más efectivo y menos costoso que ETV. El ETV tuvo un costo por AVAC de S/ 4482, y de S/ 1526 para TDF. El TDF mantiene un BMN progresivamente mayor conforme aumenta la WTP. La tasa de descuento fue la única variable con efecto significativo en la incertidumbre del modelo. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con TDF es más costo-efectivo que ETV en hospitales públicos del Perú.

Costo-efectividad de dos terapias antivirales para Hepatitis B crónica en el Perú: Entecavir y tenofovir / Cost-Fffectiveness of Two Antiviral Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B in Peru: Entecavir and Tenofovir

RESUMEN Objetivos Comparar en términos de costo-efectividad a entecavir (ETV) y tenofovir (TDF) en el tratamiento del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) en hospitales públicos del Perú. Materiales y métodos Estructuramos un modelo de Markov, definimos la efectividad en años de vida ajustados a calidad (AVAC). Incluimos los costos directos del tratamiento en soles desde la perspectiva del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Calculamos la relación entre costo y efectividad incrementales (ICER). Realizamos análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico, considerando un rango de disponibilidad de pago (WTP) desde uno hasta tres veces el producto bruto interno (PBI) per-cápita, y el beneficio monetario neto (BMN) o ICER en el caso del análisis de tornado. Resultados El tratamiento con TDF es más efectivo y menos costoso que ETV. El ETV tuvo un costo por AVAC de S/ 4482, y de S/ 1526 para TDF. El TDF mantiene un BMN progresivamente mayor conforme aumenta la WTP. La tasa de descuento fue la única variable con efecto significativo en la incertidumbre del modelo. Conclusiones El tratamiento con TDF es más costo-efectivo que ETV en hospitales públicos del Perú.

ABSTRACT Objetives To compare in terms of cost-effectiveness to entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDF) in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in public hospitals in Peru. Materials and methods We structured a Markov model. We define effectiveness adjusted life years for quality (QALY). We include the direct costs of treatment in soles from the perspective of the Ministry of Health of Peru. We estimate the relationship between cost and effectiveness ratios (ICER). We performed sensitivity analyzes considering a range of willingness to pay (WTP) from one to three times the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and a tornado analysis regarding Monetary Net Profit (BMN) or ICER. Results Treatment with TDF is more effective and less expensive than ETV. The ETV had a cost per QALY of PEN 4482, and PEN 1526 TDF. The PTO maintains a progressively larger with increasing WTP BMN. The discount rate was the only variable with a significant effect on model uncertainty. Conclusion Treatment with TDF is more cost-effective than ETV in public hospitals in Peru.

Estudio sobre actitudes frente a la ciencia de los estudiantes del internado rotatorio de la carrera de medicina en la Universidad de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca / Research regarding attitudes towards sciences at San Francisco Xavier of Chuquisaca University on medicine students doing internships

Objetivo. Analizar la imagen de la ciencia y la enseñanza de la ciencia en estudiantes universitarios del internado rotatorio en medicina de la Universidad de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca en Sucre, Bolivia. Sujetos y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 101 estudiantes universitarios del internado rotatorio intrahospitalario del municipio de Sucre, Bolivia. Se aplicó un cuestionario que valora las actitudes frente a la ciencia, es decir, la imagen y la enseñanza de la ciencia en su formación universitaria. Resultados. Se encontró que la imagen y la enseñanza de la ciencia en estudiantes del internado de medicina están por encima de la media esperada, aunque la praxis sea aún incipiente, como se observa por la baja participación en proyectos y publicaciones locales. Conclusiones. Las actitudes frente a la ciencia son positivas, pero el reto para la formación universitaria será aplicar las políticas de desarrollo de investigación en salud, si se busca incidir en la mejora de los indicadores sociosanitarios del país (AU)

Aim. To analyse the image of science, the teaching of it that medicine students, doing their internships at the San Francisco Xavier of Chuquisaca University, have. Subjects and methods. The research was made among 101 medicine students that are doing their internships at the hospital system in Sucre, Bolivia. A survey that values the attitudes towards science was applied to them; this is, how they value the image of science and how science is taught throughout their university education. Results. It was found that the attitudes among medicine students doing their internships, towards science, are positive; however the praxis of it is still minimal, due to the incipient participations in research projects and publications. Conclusions. The attitudes towards science are positive, however the challenge will be, for the university, to apply and develop the health research policies, this way the social-sanitary indicators will be improved (AU)

Cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in preventing pneumonia in Peruvian children.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) has a high burden of morbimortality in children. Use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) is an effective preventive measure. After PCV 7-valent (PCV7) withdrawal, PCV 10-valent (PCV10) and PCV 13-valent (PCV13) are the alternatives in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate cost effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing PP in Peruvian children <5 years-old. METHODOLOGY: A cost-effectiveness analysis was developed in three phases: a systematic evidence search for calculating effectiveness; a cost analysis for vaccine strategies and outcome management; and an economic model based on decision tree analysis, including deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis using acceptability curves, tornado diagram, and Monte Carlo simulation. A hypothetic 100 vaccinated children/vaccine cohort was built. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. RESULTS: The isolation probability for all serotypes in each vaccine was estimated: 38% for PCV7, 41% PCV10, and 17% PCV13. Avoided hospitalization was found to be the best effectiveness model measure. Estimated costs for PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 cohorts were USD13,761, 11,895, and 12,499, respectively. Costs per avoided hospitalization were USD718 for PCV7, USD333 for PCV10, and USD 162 for PCV13. At ICER, PCV7 was dominated by the other PCVs. Eliminating PCV7, PCV13 was more cost effective than PCV10 (confirmed in sensitivity analysis). CONCLUSIONS: PCV10 and PCV13 are more cost effective than PCV7 in prevention of pneumonia in children <5 years-old in Peru. PCV13 prevents more hospitalizations and is more cost-effective than PCV10. These results should be considered when making decisions about the Peruvian National Inmunizations Schedule.